Definition of perpetuation

"perpetuation" in the noun sense

1. prolongation, protraction, perpetuation, lengthening

the act of prolonging something

"there was an indefinite prolongation of the peace talks"

Source: WordNet® (An amazing lexical database of English)

Princeton University "About WordNet®."
WordNet®. Princeton University. 2010.

View WordNet® License

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Quotations for perpetuation

On the diffusion of education among the people rests the preservation and perpetuation of our free institutions. [ Daniel Webster ]

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perpetuation in Scrabble®

The word perpetuation is playable in Scrabble®, no blanks required. Because it is longer than 7 letters, you would have to play off an existing word or do it in several moves.

Scrabble® Letter Score: 16

Highest Scoring Scrabble® Plays In The Letters perpetuation:

PERPETUATION

(180)

PERPETUATION

(180)

Seven Letter Word Alert: (63 words)

appoint, arenite, entreat, epitope, epurate, etaerio, eupnoea, inepter, iterate, nattier, nitrate, nuttier, operant, operate, otarine, outearn, outpipe, outrant, outrate, painter, patient, patriot, pattern, peatier, peptone, pertain, pettier, petunia, pioneer, pipette, pointer, portent, poutier, poutine, prenote, pretape, pronate, propane, propene, propine, protean, protein, puritan, puttier, rainout, reinput, repaint, repoint, reunite, routine, taunter, tentier, ternate, terpine, tiptoer, trainee, treetop, triaene, triptan, tutoree, urinate, uterine, utopian

All Scrabble® Plays For The Word perpetuation

PERPETUATION

(180)

PERPETUATION

(180)

PERPETUATION

(120)

PERPETUATION

(120)

PERPETUATION

(80)

PERPETUATION

(72)

PERPETUATION

(72)

PERPETUATION

(72)

PERPETUATION

(68)

PERPETUATION

(68)

PERPETUATION

(64)

PERPETUATION

(64)

PERPETUATION

(64)

PERPETUATION

(64)

PERPETUATION

(54)

PERPETUATION

(54)

PERPETUATION

(48)

PERPETUATION

(40)

PERPETUATION

(40)

PERPETUATION

(40)

PERPETUATION

(40)

PERPETUATION

(36)

PERPETUATION

(36)

PERPETUATION

(36)

PERPETUATION

(26)

PERPETUATION

(26)

PERPETUATION

(22)

PERPETUATION

(22)

PERPETUATION

(22)

PERPETUATION

(21)

PERPETUATION

(20)

PERPETUATION

(19)

The 200 Highest Scoring Scrabble® Plays For Words Using The Letters In perpetuation

PERPETUATION

(180)

PERPETUATION

(180)

PERPETUATION

(120)

PERPETUATION

(120)

PEPTONE

(94 = 44 + 50)

PROPENE

(94 = 44 + 50)

PRETAPE

(94 = 44 + 50)

APPOINT

(94 = 44 + 50)

PIPETTE

(94 = 44 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(94 = 44 + 50)

EPITOPE

(94 = 44 + 50)

PROPANE

(94 = 44 + 50)

PROPINE

(94 = 44 + 50)

PRETAPE

(92 = 42 + 50)

APPOINT

(92 = 42 + 50)

PROPENE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PROPINE

(92 = 42 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PRETAPE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PROPENE

(92 = 42 + 50)

EPITOPE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PEPTONE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PIPETTE

(92 = 42 + 50)

APPOINT

(92 = 42 + 50)

PROPINE

(92 = 42 + 50)

EPITOPE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PROPINE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PROPENE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PROPANE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PEPTONE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PROPANE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PROPANE

(92 = 42 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(92 = 42 + 50)

PIPETTE

(92 = 42 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(92 = 42 + 50)

TIPTOER

(86 = 36 + 50)

PRETAPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PRENOTE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PRETAPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PIPETTE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPENE

(86 = 36 + 50)

EPURATE

(86 = 36 + 50)

EPURATE

(86 = 36 + 50)

TREETOP

(86 = 36 + 50)

PATRIOT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROTEAN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PRETAPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

OPERATE

(86 = 36 + 50)

POINTER

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPENE

(86 = 36 + 50)

OPERATE

(86 = 36 + 50)

POUTIER

(86 = 36 + 50)

POINTER

(86 = 36 + 50)

REPAINT

(86 = 36 + 50)

APPOINT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PRENOTE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PURITAN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPENE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PATRIOT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PEPTONE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PEPTONE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PETTIER

(86 = 36 + 50)

PRETAPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PURITAN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPINE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPENE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PETTIER

(86 = 36 + 50)

REPAINT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PEATIER

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROTEIN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PORTENT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PERTAIN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROTEIN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PRONATE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PRONATE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PEATIER

(86 = 36 + 50)

REINPUT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PAINTER

(86 = 36 + 50)

PORTENT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PATTERN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PAINTER

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPANE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PATTERN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPANE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPANE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPANE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPANE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PERTAIN

(86 = 36 + 50)

REINPUT

(86 = 36 + 50)

EPITOPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

APPOINT

(86 = 36 + 50)

EPITOPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

EPITOPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

APPOINT

(86 = 36 + 50)

TREETOP

(86 = 36 + 50)

TERPINE

(86 = 36 + 50)

APPOINT

(86 = 36 + 50)

EPITOPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPENE

(86 = 36 + 50)

EPITOPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PRETAPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

EPITOPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PETUNIA

(86 = 36 + 50)

APPOINT

(86 = 36 + 50)

APPOINT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PETUNIA

(86 = 36 + 50)

PIPETTE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PIPETTE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PRETAPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROTEAN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PIPETTE

(86 = 36 + 50)

OPERANT

(86 = 36 + 50)

TRIPTAN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PATIENT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PEPTONE

(86 = 36 + 50)

TERPINE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPINE

(86 = 36 + 50)

EUPNOEA

(86 = 36 + 50)

PATIENT

(86 = 36 + 50)

TERPINE

(86 = 36 + 50)

OPERANT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PEPTONE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PEPTONE

(86 = 36 + 50)

UTOPIAN

(86 = 36 + 50)

UTOPIAN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPINE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPINE

(86 = 36 + 50)

EUPNOEA

(86 = 36 + 50)

UTOPIAN

(86 = 36 + 50)

TRIPTAN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PIONEER

(86 = 36 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

POUTINE

(86 = 36 + 50)

INEPTER

(86 = 36 + 50)

INEPTER

(86 = 36 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

POUTIER

(86 = 36 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

REPOINT

(86 = 36 + 50)

PIPETTE

(86 = 36 + 50)

PUTTIER

(86 = 36 + 50)

POUTINE

(86 = 36 + 50)

TRIPTAN

(86 = 36 + 50)

PEPTONE

(86 = 36 + 50)

INEPTER

(86 = 36 + 50)

PIPETTE

(86 = 36 + 50)

TIPTOER

(86 = 36 + 50)

PUTTIER

(86 = 36 + 50)

PIONEER

(86 = 36 + 50)

PROPINE

(86 = 36 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(86 = 36 + 50)

REPOINT

(86 = 36 + 50)

EPITOPE

(84 = 34 + 50)

PIPETTE

(84 = 34 + 50)

PEPTONE

(84 = 34 + 50)

APPOINT

(84 = 34 + 50)

EPITOPE

(84 = 34 + 50)

PEPTONE

(84 = 34 + 50)

PRETAPE

(84 = 34 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(84 = 34 + 50)

APPOINT

(84 = 34 + 50)

PIPETTE

(84 = 34 + 50)

PIPETTE

(83 = 33 + 50)

EPITOPE

(83 = 33 + 50)

PRETAPE

(83 = 33 + 50)

PROPINE

(83 = 33 + 50)

PROPENE

(83 = 33 + 50)

OUTPIPE

(83 = 33 + 50)

PROPANE

(83 = 33 + 50)

PEPTONE

(83 = 33 + 50)

APPOINT

(83 = 33 + 50)

REINPUT

(80 = 30 + 50)

PATIENT

(80 = 30 + 50)

POUTINE

(80 = 30 + 50)

PUTTIER

(80 = 30 + 50)

REINPUT

(80 = 30 + 50)

PATIENT

(80 = 30 + 50)

PETTIER

(80 = 30 + 50)

PATTERN

(80 = 30 + 50)

PATIENT

(80 = 30 + 50)

PRONATE

(80 = 30 + 50)

PATTERN

(80 = 30 + 50)

POUTIER

(80 = 30 + 50)

PATTERN

(80 = 30 + 50)

PETTIER

(80 = 30 + 50)

PRONATE

(80 = 30 + 50)

PATIENT

(80 = 30 + 50)

PRETAPE

(80 = 30 + 50)

PERTAIN

(80 = 30 + 50)

TREETOP

(80 = 30 + 50)

POUTINE

(80 = 30 + 50)

PERTAIN

(80 = 30 + 50)

OPERANT

(80 = 30 + 50)

PIONEER

(80 = 30 + 50)

PRONATE

(80 = 30 + 50)

POUTIER

(80 = 30 + 50)

PRONATE

(80 = 30 + 50)

PATTERN

(80 = 30 + 50)

PATTERN

(80 = 30 + 50)

Your Best
Scrabble
Plays Legendary
Scrabble
Plays

↑

perpetuation in Words With Friends™

The word perpetuation is playable in Words With Friends™, no blanks required. Because it is longer than 7 letters, you would have to play off an existing word or do it in several moves.

Words With Friends™ Letter Score: 20

Highest Scoring Words With Friends™ Play In The Letters perpetuation:

PERPETUATION

(270)

Seven Letter Word Alert: (63 words)

All Words With Friends™ Plays For The Word perpetuation

PERPETUATION

(270)

PERPETUATION

(234)

PERPETUATION

(234)

PERPETUATION

(216)

PERPETUATION

(192)

PERPETUATION

(180)

PERPETUATION

(100)

PERPETUATION

(92)

PERPETUATION

(84)

PERPETUATION

(84)

PERPETUATION

(80)

PERPETUATION

(80)

PERPETUATION

(80)

PERPETUATION

(80)

PERPETUATION

(60)

PERPETUATION

(52)

PERPETUATION

(48)

PERPETUATION

(48)

PERPETUATION

(48)

PERPETUATION

(48)

PERPETUATION

(30)

PERPETUATION

(29)

PERPETUATION

(28)

PERPETUATION

(26)

PERPETUATION

(26)

PERPETUATION

(25)

PERPETUATION

(25)

PERPETUATION

(24)

PERPETUATION

(24)

PERPETUATION

(23)

PERPETUATION

(23)

PERPETUATION

(22)

The 200 Highest Scoring Words With Friends™ Plays Using The Letters In perpetuation

PERPETUATION

(270)

PERPETUATION

(234)

PERPETUATION

(234)

PERPETUATION

(216)

PERPETUATION

(192)

PERPETUATION

(180)

PEPTONE

(125 = 90 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(125 = 90 + 35)

PIPETTE

(122 = 87 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(113 = 78 + 35)

PROPINE

(113 = 78 + 35)

PROPENE

(113 = 78 + 35)

PROPANE

(113 = 78 + 35)

APPOINT

(107 = 72 + 35)

PROPENE

(107 = 72 + 35)

POUTINE

(107 = 72 + 35)

APPOINT

(107 = 72 + 35)

PROPENE

(107 = 72 + 35)

PROPINE

(107 = 72 + 35)

PROPANE

(107 = 72 + 35)

PROPINE

(107 = 72 + 35)

PROPANE

(107 = 72 + 35)

EPITOPE

(104 = 69 + 35)

TERPINE

(104 = 69 + 35)

PRETAPE

(104 = 69 + 35)

EPITOPE

(104 = 69 + 35)

POUTIER

(104 = 69 + 35)

PRETAPE

(104 = 69 + 35)

INEPTER

(104 = 69 + 35)

PROPANE

(101 = 66 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(101 = 66 + 35)

PROPANE

(101 = 66 + 35)

PROPINE

(101 = 66 + 35)

UTOPIAN

(101 = 66 + 35)

APPOINT

(101 = 66 + 35)

PROPANE

(101 = 66 + 35)

PROPINE

(101 = 66 + 35)

PROPENE

(101 = 66 + 35)

PROPINE

(101 = 66 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(101 = 66 + 35)

PEPTONE

(101 = 66 + 35)

EUPNOEA

(101 = 66 + 35)

PETUNIA

(101 = 66 + 35)

REINPUT

(101 = 66 + 35)

UTOPIAN

(101 = 66 + 35)

PROPENE

(101 = 66 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(101 = 66 + 35)

PURITAN

(101 = 66 + 35)

PROPENE

(101 = 66 + 35)

PERPETUATION

(100)

PRENOTE

(98 = 63 + 35)

PRONATE

(98 = 63 + 35)

PAINTER

(98 = 63 + 35)

INEPTER

(98 = 63 + 35)

POINTER

(98 = 63 + 35)

TERPINE

(98 = 63 + 35)

EPITOPE

(98 = 63 + 35)

EPITOPE

(98 = 63 + 35)

TRIPTAN

(98 = 63 + 35)

PERTAIN

(98 = 63 + 35)

PIPETTE

(98 = 63 + 35)

PUTTIER

(98 = 63 + 35)

PROTEAN

(98 = 63 + 35)

REPAINT

(98 = 63 + 35)

PRETAPE

(98 = 63 + 35)

OPERANT

(98 = 63 + 35)

PROTEIN

(98 = 63 + 35)

PATIENT

(98 = 63 + 35)

PIONEER

(98 = 63 + 35)

EPURATE

(98 = 63 + 35)

REPOINT

(98 = 63 + 35)

PATTERN

(98 = 63 + 35)

PRETAPE

(98 = 63 + 35)

PORTENT

(98 = 63 + 35)

TRIPTAN

(98 = 63 + 35)

UTOPIAN

(95 = 60 + 35)

PEATIER

(95 = 60 + 35)

REINPUT

(95 = 60 + 35)

UTOPIAN

(95 = 60 + 35)

EUPNOEA

(95 = 60 + 35)

PURITAN

(95 = 60 + 35)

POUTINE

(95 = 60 + 35)

PATRIOT

(95 = 60 + 35)

PETUNIA

(95 = 60 + 35)

TIPTOER

(95 = 60 + 35)

PETTIER

(95 = 60 + 35)

OPERATE

(95 = 60 + 35)

APPOINT

(95 = 60 + 35)

TREETOP

(95 = 60 + 35)

PEPTONE

(95 = 60 + 35)

PROTEIN

(92 = 57 + 35)

INEPTER

(92 = 57 + 35)

EPURATE

(92 = 57 + 35)

PIONEER

(92 = 57 + 35)

PATIENT

(92 = 57 + 35)

PERPETUATION

(92)

PRONATE

(92 = 57 + 35)

TERPINE

(92 = 57 + 35)

PUTTIER

(92 = 57 + 35)

TRIPTAN

(92 = 57 + 35)

OPERANT

(92 = 57 + 35)

POUTIER

(92 = 57 + 35)

PERTAIN

(92 = 57 + 35)

PRENOTE

(92 = 57 + 35)

PATTERN

(92 = 57 + 35)

PAINTER

(92 = 57 + 35)

PORTENT

(92 = 57 + 35)

POINTER

(92 = 57 + 35)

INEPTER

(92 = 57 + 35)

PROTEAN

(92 = 57 + 35)

TRIPTAN

(92 = 57 + 35)

TERPINE

(92 = 57 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(91 = 56 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(91 = 56 + 35)

PROPENE

(91 = 56 + 35)

APPOINT

(91 = 56 + 35)

PROPINE

(91 = 56 + 35)

PROPANE

(91 = 56 + 35)

PROPANE

(91 = 56 + 35)

APPOINT

(91 = 56 + 35)

PROPINE

(91 = 56 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(91 = 56 + 35)

APPOINT

(91 = 56 + 35)

PROPENE

(91 = 56 + 35)

PROPENE

(91 = 56 + 35)

PROPINE

(91 = 56 + 35)

PEPTONE

(91 = 56 + 35)

PROPANE

(91 = 56 + 35)

PEPTONE

(91 = 56 + 35)

PEPTONE

(91 = 56 + 35)

PATRIOT

(89 = 54 + 35)

POUTINE

(89 = 54 + 35)

PEPTONE

(89 = 54 + 35)

PETUNIA

(89 = 54 + 35)

EUPNOEA

(89 = 54 + 35)

UTOPIAN

(89 = 54 + 35)

PROPENE

(89 = 54 + 35)

UTOPIAN

(89 = 54 + 35)

PETUNIA

(89 = 54 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(89 = 54 + 35)

PETTIER

(89 = 54 + 35)

TREETOP

(89 = 54 + 35)

PETUNIA

(89 = 54 + 35)

APPOINT

(89 = 54 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(89 = 54 + 35)

APPOINT

(89 = 54 + 35)

OUTPIPE

(89 = 54 + 35)

PEPTONE

(89 = 54 + 35)

PROPINE

(89 = 54 + 35)

PROPINE

(89 = 54 + 35)

PURITAN

(89 = 54 + 35)

PROPANE

(89 = 54 + 35)

PEPTONE

(89 = 54 + 35)

REINPUT

(89 = 54 + 35)

PURITAN

(89 = 54 + 35)

PROPENE

(89 = 54 + 35)

PEATIER

(89 = 54 + 35)

PROPANE

(89 = 54 + 35)

OPERATE

(89 = 54 + 35)

PIPETTE

(87 = 52 + 35)

PUPATE

(87)

PRETAPE

(87 = 52 + 35)

EPITOPE

(87 = 52 + 35)

PIPETTE

(87 = 52 + 35)

EPITOPE

(87 = 52 + 35)

PRETAPE

(87 = 52 + 35)

PIPETTE

(87 = 52 + 35)

EPITOPE

(87 = 52 + 35)

PRETAPE

(87 = 52 + 35)

PIPETTE

(86 = 51 + 35)

PATIENT

(86 = 51 + 35)

EPURATE

(86 = 51 + 35)

PORTENT

(86 = 51 + 35)

PIONEER

(86 = 51 + 35)

PATTERN

(86 = 51 + 35)

PROTEIN

(86 = 51 + 35)

RAINOUT

(86 = 51 + 35)

PRENOTE

(86 = 51 + 35)

TRIPTAN

(86 = 51 + 35)

REPAINT

(86 = 51 + 35)

PAINTER

(86 = 51 + 35)

EPITOPE

(86 = 51 + 35)

PAINTER

(86 = 51 + 35)

POINTER

(86 = 51 + 35)

PUTTIER

(86 = 51 + 35)

PIONEER

(86 = 51 + 35)

PIPETTE

(86 = 51 + 35)

EPITOPE

(86 = 51 + 35)

REPOINT

(86 = 51 + 35)

PIPETTE

(86 = 51 + 35)

POINTER

(86 = 51 + 35)

PRONATE

(86 = 51 + 35)

OPERANT

(86 = 51 + 35)

PROTEAN

(86 = 51 + 35)

PRONATE

(86 = 51 + 35)

PRETAPE

(86 = 51 + 35)

PERTAIN

(86 = 51 + 35)

PRETAPE

(86 = 51 + 35)

PRENOTE

(86 = 51 + 35)

PERPETUATION

(84)

Legendary
Words With Friends
Plays Your Best
Words With Friends
Plays

↑

Words within the letters of perpetuation

2 letter words in perpetuation (19 words)

ai an ar at en in it no nu on or pa pe pi re ta to un up

3 letter words in perpetuation (72 words)

air ant ape app apt are art ate ear eat eon era eta ion ire nap net nip nit nor not nut oar oat one opt ore our out pan pap par pat pea pen pep per pet pie pin pip pit pop pot pun pup put ran rap rat rip roe rot rue run rut tan tap tar tau tea tee ten tet tie tin tip toe ton top tot urn

4 letter words in perpetuation (110 words)

5 letter words in perpetuation (94 words)

8 letter words in perpetuation (14 words)

appetite atropine entrepot eruption operetta outpaint outpreen paintpot portenta printout pupation reattune renotate triptane

9 letter words in perpetuation (10 words)

appointee appointer epuration notepaper orientate patienter pirouette reappoint trepopnea tritanope

10 letter words in perpetuation (1 word)

reputation

12 letter words in perpetuation (1 word)

perpetuation

perpetuation + 1 blank (1 word)

perpetuations

perpetuation + 2 blanks (1 word)

propenultimate

↑

Words containing the sequence perpetuation

Words that start with perpetuation (2 words)

perpetuation perpetuations

Words with perpetuation in them (1 word)

perpetuation

Words that end with perpetuation (1 word)

perpetuation

↑

Word Growth involving perpetuation

Shorter words in perpetuation

on ion

pe per

pe pet

Longer words containing perpetuation

perpetuations

Definition of perpetuation

"perpetuation" in the noun sense

1. prolongation, protraction, perpetuation, lengthening

Quotations for perpetuation

perpetuation in Scrabble®

Scrabble® Letter Score: 16

Highest Scoring Scrabble® Plays In The Letters perpetuation:

Seven Letter Word Alert: (63 words)

All Scrabble® Plays For The Word perpetuation

The 200 Highest Scoring Scrabble® Plays For Words Using The Letters In perpetuation

perpetuation in Words With Friends™

Words With Friends™ Letter Score: 20

Highest Scoring Words With Friends™ Play In The Letters perpetuation:

Seven Letter Word Alert: (63 words)

All Words With Friends™ Plays For The Word perpetuation

The 200 Highest Scoring Words With Friends™ Plays Using The Letters In perpetuation

Words within the letters of perpetuation

2 letter words in perpetuation (19 words)

3 letter words in perpetuation (72 words)

4 letter words in perpetuation (110 words)

5 letter words in perpetuation (94 words)

6 letter words in perpetuation (92 words)

7 letter words in perpetuation (63 words)

8 letter words in perpetuation (14 words)

9 letter words in perpetuation (10 words)

10 letter words in perpetuation (1 word)

12 letter words in perpetuation (1 word)

perpetuation + 1 blank (1 word)

perpetuation + 2 blanks (1 word)

Words containing the sequence perpetuation

Words that start with perpetuation (2 words)

Words with perpetuation in them (1 word)

Words that end with perpetuation (1 word)

Word Growth involving perpetuation

Shorter words in perpetuation

Longer words containing perpetuation